Changing the Concept of CTFL4 Exam Preparation 2024
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NEW QUESTION # 58
A requirement specifies that if the total amount of sales (TAS) made during the year by a corporate seller is 300,000€ or more, the bonus that must be paid to the seller is 100% of a certain amount agreed upon at the beginning of the year. The software contains a fault as it implements this requirement with the decision "IF (TAS = 300,000)" instead of "IF (TAS >= 300.000)". The application of the 3-value boundary value analysis to this problem consists of the following three test cases (TAS is an integer variable):
TC1 = 299,999 TC2=300,000 TC=300,001
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
- A. TC3 would highlight the fault
- B. None of the three test cases would highlight the fault.
- C. TC2 would highlight the fault
- D. TC1 would highlight the fault
Answer: C
Explanation:
The requirement specifies that a bonus should be paid if the total amount of sales (TAS) made during the year is 300,000€ or more. The software incorrectly implements this requirement with "IF (TAS = 300,000)" instead of "IF (TAS >= 300,000)". Using boundary value analysis (BVA), which is a common technique in software testing, the three test cases provided (TC1 = 299,999, TC2 = 300,000, and TC3 = 300,001) cover the critical boundary values around the condition.
TC1 tests just below the boundary (299,999),
TC2 tests exactly at the boundary (300,000),
TC3 tests just above the boundary (300,001).
Since the software incorrectly checks for TAS equal to 300,000, only TC2 will fail because the condition is exactly met and highlights the incorrect implementation of the decision logic.
NEW QUESTION # 59
A document descnbes the test procedures that have been derived for the identified test sets Among other things, the order in which the test cases in the corresponding test set are to be executed according to the dependencies described by preconditions and postconditions is specified This document is a typical work product produced as part of:
- A. Test monitoring and control
- B. Test design.
- C. Test analysis
- D. Test Implementation.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Test implementation involves finalizing the test procedures, including the order of execution of test cases based on their dependencies, preconditions, and postconditions. This phase ensures that all necessary test scripts, test data, and test environments are ready for execution. According to the ISTQB CTFL Syllabus v4.0, test implementation is the phase where detailed test procedures are derived and documented, making it a critical step before actual test execution.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Which of the following statements about the typical activities of a formal review process is TRUE?
- A. Various review techniques that may be applied by participants during individual review are described in the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-3 standard.
- B. Choosing which standards to follow during the review process is usually made during review planning.
- C. Individual review is only mandatory when the size of the work product under review is too large to cover at the review meeting
- D. One of the main goals of the review meeting is to make sure that all participants are aware of their roles and responsibilities in the review process
Answer: B
Explanation:
During the review planning stage, key decisions are made, including the selection of standards and procedures to be followed during the review. This planning phase ensures that the review process is structured and adheres to agreed-upon standards, which can come from industry standards such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-3. The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus v4.0 emphasizes the importance of review planning in establishing the framework and guidelines for the review process.
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between product risk and project risk in software testing?
- A. Product risk and project risk are essentially the same and can be used interchangeably.
- B. Product risk refers to the risk associated with issues such as delays in work product deliveries, inaccurate estimates, while project risk refers to the risk associated with the project's schedule, budget, and resources.
- C. Product risk refers to the risk associated with delays in elements such as work product deliveries and inaccurate estimates, while project risk refers to the risk associated with issues such as user dissatisfaction.
- D. Product risk refers to the risk associated with the project's schedule, budget, and resources, while project risk refers to the risk associated with the quality and functionality of the software product.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Product risk involves the potential issues that can affect the quality and functionality of the software product, such as defects, performance problems, and usability issues. Project risk, on the other hand, relates to the risks that can impact the project's schedule, budget, and resources, such as delays, cost overruns, and resource constraints. Understanding both types of risks is crucial for managing and mitigating potential problems in software projects.
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which one of the following is a typical entry criteria for testing?
- A. The number of unresolved defects is within an agreed limit.
- B. Planned tests have been executed.
- C. Availability of testable requirements.
- D. The number of estimated remaining defects is sufficiently low.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A typical entry criterion for testing is the availability of testable requirements. Testable requirements provide a basis for designing and executing test cases. Without clear and testable requirements, it is challenging to determine what needs to be tested and to create effective test cases. Entry criteria ensure that the necessary preconditions are met before testing begins, which helps in conducting efficient and effective testing.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which of the following statements is an example of testing contributing to higher quality?
- A. A test leader writes a test summary report
- B. A tester finds a bug which is resolved prior to release
- C. A tester installs a test ten in the lest environment
- D. A project manager asks to a test leader to estimate the test effort
Answer: B
Explanation:
The question is about identifying an example of testing contributing to higher quality. Quality is the degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or user/customer needs and expectations1. Testing is the process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects2.
Therefore, testing contributes to higher quality by verifying and validating that the software products and related work products meet the specified requirements, are fit for purpose and have no defects, or at least have a reduced number of defects. Testing also provides information about the quality of the software products and related work products to the stakeholders, who can make informed decisions based on the test results3.
Out of the four given statements, only option D is an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it shows that testing has detected a defect (a flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function4) and that the defect has been resolved (fixed and confirmed) prior to release (delivery of the software product to the customer or end user). This means that testing has prevented a potential failure (an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits) from occurring in the operational environment, and thus has improved the quality of the software product.
Option A is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a reporting activity that summarizes the test results and evaluates the test objectives, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test summary report is a document that records and communicates the outcomes of testing activities, including test completion criteria, test results, incident reports, test summary and evaluation, and lessons learned.
Option B is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a planning activity that estimates the resources and time needed for testing activities, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test effort estimate is an approximation of the amount of work and/or the duration of time required to perform testing activities.
Option C is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a preparation activity that sets up the test environment (an environment containing hardware, instrumentation, simulators, software tools, and other support elements needed to conduct a test), but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test environment installation is a process of installing and configuring the test environment according to the test environment specification.
Reference:
1: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 10
2: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 11
3: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 12
4: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
5: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
6: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 77
7: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 78
8: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 79
9: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 80
10: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 81
11: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 82
12: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 83
13: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 84
14: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 85
15: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 86
16: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 87
17: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 88
18: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 89
19: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 90
20: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 91
21: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 92
22: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 93
23: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 94
24: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 95
25: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 96
26: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 97
27: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 98
28: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 99
29: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 100
30: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 101
31: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 102
32: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 103
33: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 104
34: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 105
35: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 106
36: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 107
NEW QUESTION # 64
For each of the test cases to be executed, the following table specifies the priority order and dependencies on other test cases
Which of the following test execution schedules is compatible with the logical dependencies and allows executing the test cases in priority order?
- A. TC4, TC6, TC3, TC2, TC5, TC1
- B. TC4, TC3, TC2, TC6, TC1, TC5
- C. TC3, TC5, TC6, TC1, TC4, TC3
- D. TC4, TC3, TC2, TC6, TC5. TC1
Answer: B
Explanation:
This answer is correct because it follows the logical dependencies and allows executing the test cases in priority order. TC4, TC3, and TC2 are executed first because they have the highest priority. TC6 is executed next because it has a logical dependency on TC2. TC1 is executed next because it has a logical dependency on TC5. Finally, TC5 is executed last because it has the lowest priority. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 documents
NEW QUESTION # 65
Which of the following is a test-first approach, where tests that express a shared understanding from stakeholders of how the application is expected to work, are first written in business-readable language (following the Given/When/Then format), and then made executable to drive development?
- A. Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
- B. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
- C. Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD)
- D. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)
Answer: D
Explanation:
This answer is correct because Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is a test-first approach, where tests that express a shared understanding from stakeholders of how the application is expected to work, are first written in business-readable language (following the Given/When/Then format), and then made executable to drive development. BDD is a collaborative approach that involves testers, developers, business analysts, product owners, and other stakeholders in defining the expected behavior of the application using scenarios that describe the preconditions, actions, and outcomes of the application. BDD scenarios are written using a domain-specific language (DSL) that can be translated into executable test cases using tools such as Cucumber or SpecFlow. BDD aims to improve communication, collaboration, and feedback among the team members, and to deliver software that meets the customer's needs and expectations. Reference: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 3.1.1.4
NEW QUESTION # 66
Which of the statements correctly describes when a whole team approach may NOT be suitable?
- A. When acceptance tests need to be created.
- B. When a high level of test independence may be required.
- C. When a test automation approach needs to be determined.
- D. When the team dynamics need to be improved.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The whole team approach involves collaboration among all team members, including testers, developers, and business representatives, to achieve quality goals. However, this approach may not be suitable in situations where a high level of test independence is required. Test independence is essential in cases where unbiased testing is critical, such as in regulated environments or where high-risk systems are involved. This is because team members might unintentionally influence each other's work, leading to potential bias in testing outcomes.
NEW QUESTION # 67
Which of the following coverage criteria results in the highest coverage for state transition based test cases?
- A. Covering only start and end states
- B. Covering all transitions at least once
- C. Covering all states at least once
- D. Can't be determined
Answer: B
Explanation:
Covering all transitions at least once is the highest coverage criterion for state transition based test cases, because it ensures that every possible change of state is tested at least once. This means that all the events that trigger the transitions, as well as the actions and outputs that result from the transitions, are verified. Covering all transitions at least once also implies covering all states at least once, but not vice versa. Therefore, option D is not the highest coverage criterion. Option C is the lowest coverage criterion, because it only tests the initial and final states of the system or component, without checking the intermediate states or transitions. Option A is incorrect, because the coverage criteria for state transition based test cases can be determined and compared based on the number of transitions and states covered. Reference = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 4.2.3, page 49-50.
NEW QUESTION # 68
Which of the following statements about exploratory testing is true?
- A. In exploratory testing, testers usually produce scripted tests and establish bidirectional traceability between these tests and the items of the test basis
- B. Exploratory testing is an experience-based test technique used by testers during informal code reviews to find defects by exploring the source code
- C. Exploratory testing is an experience-based test technique in which testers explore the requirements specification to detect non testable requirements
- D. When exploratory testing is conducted following a session-based approach, the issues detected by the testers can be documented in session sheets
Answer: D
Explanation:
Exploratory testing is an experience-based test technique in which testers dynamically design and execute tests based on their knowledge, intuition, and learning of the software system, without following predefined test scripts or test cases. Exploratory testing can be conducted following a session-based approach, which is a structured way of managing and measuring exploratory testing. In a session-based approach, the testers perform uninterrupted test sessions, usually lasting between 60 and 120 minutes, with a specific charter or goal, and document the issues detected, the test coverage achieved, and the time spent in session sheets. Session sheets are records of the test activities, results, and observations during a test session, which can be used for reporting, debriefing, and learning purposes. The other statements are false, because:
Exploratory testing is not a test technique in which testers explore the requirements specification to detect non testable requirements, but rather a test technique in which testers explore the software system to detect functional and non-functional defects, as well as to learn new information, risks, or opportunities. Non testable requirements are requirements that are ambiguous, incomplete, inconsistent, or not verifiable, which can affect the quality and effectiveness of the testing process. Non testable requirements can be detected by applying static testing techniques, such as reviews or inspections, to the requirements specification, before the software system is developed or tested.
Exploratory testing is not a test technique used by testers during informal code reviews to find defects by exploring the source code, but rather a test technique used by testers during dynamic testing to find defects by exploring the behavior and performance of the software system, without examining the source code. Informal code reviews are static testing techniques, in which the source code is analyzed by one or more reviewers, without following a formal process or using a checklist, to identify defects, violations, or improvements. Informal code reviews are usually performed by developers or peers, not by testers.
In exploratory testing, testers usually do not produce scripted tests and establish bidirectional traceability between these tests and the items of the test basis, but rather produce unscripted tests and adapt them based on the feedback and the findings of the testing process. Scripted tests are tests that are designed and documented in advance, with predefined inputs, outputs, and expected results, and are executed according to a test plan or a test procedure. Bidirectional traceability is the ability to trace both forward and backward the relationships between the items of the test basis, such as the requirements, the design, the risks, etc., and the test artifacts, such as the test cases, the test results, the defects, etc. Scripted tests and bidirectional traceability are usually associated with more formal and structured testing approaches, such as specification-based or structure-based test techniques, not with exploratory testing. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.2.3, Experience-based Test Design Techniques1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Exploratory Testing, Session-based Testing, Session Sheet, Non Testable Requirement, Static Testing, Informal Review, Dynamic Testing, Scripted Testing, Bidirectional Traceability2
NEW QUESTION # 69
The following state transition diagram describes the functionality involved in a system using fingerprint and password authentication to log onto a system.
How many distinct states of the system are visible in the above diagram?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: C
Explanation:
The state transition diagram provided shows three distinct states:
Waiting for fingerprint
Waiting for PIN
Valid PIN/ask menu selection
Each state represents a different stage in the system's operation, with transitions based on user actions and system responses.
NEW QUESTION # 70
Match each objective to the correct test level
Objective:
A) Verifying whether the functional and non-functlonal behaviors of the system are as designed and specified.
B) Verifying whether the functional and non-functlonal behaviors of the interfaces are as designed.
C) Verifying whether the functional and non-functional behaviors of the components are as designed and specified.
D) Establishing confidence in the quality of the system as a whole.
Test Level:
1. Component testing.
2. Integration testing.
3. System testing.
4. Acceptance testing.
- A. A3. B2. C1. D4
- B. A2, B3, Cl, D4
- C. A3, B2. C4. D1
Answer: A
Explanation:
The test levels and their objectives can be matched as follows:
Verifying whether the functional and non-functional behaviors of the system are as designed and specified (A3: System testing).
Verifying whether the functional and non-functional behaviors of the interfaces are as designed (B2: Integration testing).
Verifying whether the functional and non-functional behaviors of the components are as designed and specified (C1: Component testing).
Establishing confidence in the quality of the system as a whole (D4: Acceptance testing).
NEW QUESTION # 71
Consider the following simplified version of a state transition diagram that specifies the behavior of a video poker game:
What Is the minimum number of test cases needed to cover every unique sequence of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting In the "Start" state and ending In the "End" state?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: C
Explanation:
The minimum number of test cases needed to cover every unique sequence of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting in the "Start" state and ending in the "End" state is 4. This is because there are 4 unique sequences of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting in the "Start" state and ending in the "End" state:
Start -> Bet -> End
Start -> Deal -> End
Start -> 1st Deal -> End
Start -> 2nd Deal -> End Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents.
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which of the following statements refers to good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model?
- A. Tests should be written in executable format before the code is written and should act as executable specifications that drive coding
- B. Involvement of testers in work product reviews should occur as early as possible to take advantage of the early testing principle
- C. Test levels should be defined such that the exit criteria of one level are part of the entry criteria for the next level
- D. Test objectives should be the same for all test levels, although the number of tests designed at various levels can vary significantly
Answer: B
Explanation:
The statement that refers to good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model is option D, which says that involvement of testers in work product reviews should occur as early as possible to take advantage of the early testing principle. Work product reviews are static testing techniques, in which the work products of the software development process, such as the requirements, the design, the code, the test cases, etc., are examined by one or more reviewers, with or without the author, to identify defects, violations, or improvements. Involvement of testers in work product reviews can provide various benefits for the testing process, such as improving the test quality, the test efficiency, and the test communication. The early testing principle states that testing activities should start as early as possible in the software development lifecycle, and should be performed iteratively and continuously throughout the lifecycle. Applying the early testing principle can help to prevent, detect, and remove defects at an early stage, when they are easier, cheaper, and faster to fix, as well as to reduce the risk, the cost, and the time of the testing process. The other options are not good testing practices to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, but rather specific testing practices that may or may not be applicable or beneficial for testing, depending on the context and the objectives of the testing activities, such as:
Tests should be written in executable format before the code is written and should act as executable specifications that drive coding: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with test-driven development, which is an approach to software development and testing, in which the developers write automated unit tests before writing the source code, and then refactor the code until the tests pass. Test-driven development can help to improve the quality, the design, and the maintainability of the code, as well as to provide fast feedback and guidance for the developers. However, test-driven development is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be feasible, suitable, or effective for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the requirements are unclear, unstable, or complex, when the test automation tools or skills are not available or adequate, when the testing objectives or levels are not aligned with the unit testing, etc.
Test levels should be defined such that the exit criteria of one level are part of the entry criteria for the next level: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with sequential software development models, such as the waterfall model, the V-model, or the W-model, in which the software development and testing activities are performed in a linear and sequential order, with well-defined phases, deliverables, and dependencies. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Test levels should have clear and measurable entry criteria and exit criteria, which are the conditions that must be met before starting or finishing a test level. In sequential software development models, the exit criteria of one test level are usually part of the entry criteria for the next test level, to ensure that the software system is ready and stable for the next level of testing. However, this is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be relevant, flexible, or efficient for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the software development and testing activities are performed in an iterative and incremental order, with frequent changes, feedback, and adaptations, as in agile software development models, such as Scrum, Kanban, or XP, when the test levels are not clearly defined or distinguished, or when the test levels are performed in parallel or concurrently, etc.
Test objectives should be the same for all test levels, although the number of tests designed at various levels can vary significantly: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with uniform software development models, such as the spiral model, the incremental model, or the prototyping model, in which the software development and testing activities are performed in a cyclical and repetitive manner, with similar phases, deliverables, and processes. Test objectives are the goals or the purposes of testing, which can vary depending on the test level, the test type, the test technique, the test environment, the test stakeholder, etc. Test objectives can be defined in terms of the test basis, the test coverage, the test quality, the test risk, the test cost, the test time, etc. Test objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, and they should be aligned with the project objectives and the quality characteristics. In uniform software development models, the test objectives may be the same for all test levels, as the testing process is repeated for each cycle or iteration, with similar focus, scope, and perspective of testing. However, this is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be appropriate, realistic, or effective for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the software development and testing activities are performed in a hierarchical and modular manner, with different phases, deliverables, and dependencies, as in sequential software development models, such as the waterfall model, the V-model, or the W-model, when the test objectives vary according to the test levels, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing, or when the test objectives change according to the feedback, the learning, or the adaptation of the testing process, as in agile software development models, such as Scrum, Kanban, or XP, etc. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.1, Testing and the Software Development Lifecycle1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.2, Testing Policies, Strategies, and Test Approaches1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.1, Test Planning1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.2, Test Monitoring and Control1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.3, Test Analysis and Design1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.4, Test Implementation1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.5, Test Execution1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.6, Test Closure1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Work Product Review, Static Testing, Early Testing, Test-driven Development, Test Level, Entry Criterion, Exit Criterion, Test Objective, Test Basis, Test Coverage, Test Quality, Test Risk, Test Cost, Test Time2
NEW QUESTION # 73
Which of the following statements about the value of maintaining traceability between the test basis and test work products is not true?
- A. Traceability can be useful to support the needs required by the auditing of testing
- B. Traceability can be useful for assessing the impact of a change to a test basis item on the corresponding tests
- C. Traceability can be useful for determining the most suitable test techniques to be used in a testing project
- D. Traceability can be useful for determining how many test basis items are covered by the corresponding tests
Answer: C
Explanation:
Traceability is the ability to trace the relationships between the items of the test basis, such as the requirements, the design, the risks, etc., and the test artifacts, such as the test cases, the test results, the defects, etc. Traceability can provide various benefits for the testing process, such as improving the test coverage, the test quality, the test efficiency, and the test communication. However, not all the statements given are true about the value of maintaining traceability between the test basis and test work products. The statement that is not true is option C, which says that test objectives should be the same for all test levels, although the number of tests designed at various levels can vary significantly. This statement is false, because test objectives are the goals or the purposes of testing, which can vary depending on the test level, the test type, the test technique, the test environment, the test stakeholder, etc. Test objectives can be defined in terms of the test basis, the test coverage, the test quality, the test risk, the test cost, the test time, etc. Test objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, and they should be aligned with the project objectives and the quality characteristics. Test objectives should not be the same for all test levels, as different test levels have different focuses, scopes, and perspectives of testing, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The other statements are true about the value of maintaining traceability between the test basis and test work products, such as:
Traceability can be useful for assessing the impact of a change to a test basis item on the corresponding tests: This statement is true, because traceability can help to identify which tests are affected by a change in the test basis, such as a new requirement, a modified design, a revised risk, etc., and to determine the necessary actions to update, re-execute, or re-evaluate the tests. Traceability can also help to estimate the effort, the cost, and the time needed to implement the change and to verify its impact on the software system.
Traceability can be useful for determining how many test basis items are covered by the corresponding tests: This statement is true, because traceability can help to measure the test coverage, which is the degree to which the test basis is exercised by the test cases. Traceability can help to identify which test basis items are covered, partially covered, or not covered by the tests, and to evaluate the adequacy, the completeness, and the effectiveness of the testing process. Traceability can also help to identify the gaps, the overlaps, or the redundancies in the test coverage, and to prioritize, optimize, or improve the test cases.
Traceability can be useful to support the needs required by the auditing of testing: This statement is true, because traceability can help to provide evidence, documentation, and justification for the testing activities, results, and outcomes. Traceability can help to demonstrate that the testing process follows the standards, the regulations, the policies, and the best practices that are applicable to the software system, the project, or the organization. Traceability can also help to verify that the testing process meets the expectations, the needs, and the satisfaction of the users and the stakeholders. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.2, Testing Policies, Strategies, and Test Approaches1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.1, Test Planning1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.2, Test Monitoring and Control1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.3, Test Analysis and Design1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Traceability, Test Basis, Test Artifact, Test Objective, Test Level, Test Coverage, Test Quality, Test Risk, Test Cost, Test Time2
NEW QUESTION # 74
Which of the following statements about static testing and dynamic testing is true?
- A. Unlike dynamic testing, which can be also performed manually, static testing cannot be performed without specialized tools
- B. Static testing is usually much less cost-effective than dynamic testing
- C. Both static testing and dynamic testing can be used to highlight issues associated with non-functional characteristics
- D. Unlike dynamic testing, which focuses on detecting potential defects, static testing focuses on detecting failures which may be due to actual defects
Answer: C
Explanation:
This answer is correct because static testing and dynamic testing are both types of testing that can be used to highlight issues associated with non-functional characteristics, such as usability, performance, security, reliability, etc. Static testing is a type of testing that involves the analysis of software work products, such as requirements, design, code, or test cases, without executing them. Dynamic testing is a type of testing that involves the execution of software work products, such as code or test cases, using inputs and verifying outputs. Both static testing and dynamic testing can be applied to different test levels and test types, and can use different test techniques and tools, to evaluate the non-functional characteristics of the software product. Reference: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 2.2.1.1, Section 2.2.1.2
NEW QUESTION # 75
Which ONE of the following statements does NOT describe how testing contributes to higher quality?
- A. Properly designed tests that pass reduce the level of risk in a system.
- B. Performing a review of the requirement specifications before implementing the system can enhance quality.
- C. The testing of software demonstrates the absence of defects.
- D. Software testing identifies defects, which can be used to improve development activities.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The testing of software does not demonstrate the absence of defects, but rather the presence of defects or the conformance of the software to the specified requirements1. Testing can never prove that the software is defect-free, as it is impossible to test all possible scenarios, inputs, outputs, and behaviors of the software2. Testing can only provide a level of confidence in the quality of the software, based on the coverage, effectiveness, and efficiency of the testing activities3.
The other options are correct because:
A . Properly designed tests that pass reduce the level of risk in a system, as they verify that the system meets the expected quality attributes and satisfies the needs and expectations of the users and clients4. Risk is the potential for loss or harm due to the occurrence of an undesirable event5. Testing can help to identify, analyze, prioritize, and mitigate the risks associated with the software product and project6.
C . Software testing identifies defects, which can be used to improve development activities, as they provide feedback on the quality of the software and the effectiveness of the development processes7. Defects are flaws or errors in the software that cause it to deviate from the expected or required results or behavior. Testing can help to detect, report, track, and resolve the defects, and prevent them from recurring in the future.
D . Performing a review of the requirement specifications before implementing the system can enhance quality, as it can ensure that the requirements are clear, complete, consistent, testable, and aligned with the needs and expectations of the users and clients. Requirements are the specifications of what the software should do and how it should do it. Testing can help to validate that the requirements are met by the software, and verify that the software is implemented according to the requirements.
Reference =
1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 10
2 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 11
3 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 12
4 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 13
5 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 97
6 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 98
7 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 14
[8] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 15
[9] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 16
[10] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 17
[11] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 18
[12] ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 19
NEW QUESTION # 76
Which of the following statements about the shift-left approach is true?
- A. Shift-left in testing can be implemented only in Agile/DevOps frameworks, as it relies completely on automated testing activities performed within a continuous integration process
- B. Shift-left in testing can be implemented in several ways to find functional defects early in the lifecycle, but it cannot be relied upon to find defects associated with non-functional characteristics
- C. Performance testing performed during component testing, is a form of shift-left in testing that avoids planning and executing costly end-to-end testing at the system test level in a production-like environment
- D. Continuous integration supports shift-left in testing as it can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it
Answer: D
Explanation:
This answer is correct because shift-left in testing is an approach that aims to perform testing activities as early as possible in the software development lifecycle, in order to find and fix defects faster and cheaper, and to improve the quality of the software product. Continuous integration is a practice that supports shift-left in testing, as it involves integrating and testing the software components frequently, usually several times a day, using automated tools and processes. Continuous integration can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it and the risk of accumulating defects that could affect the functionality or performance of the software product. Reference: ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 3.1.1.3, Section 3.2.1.3
NEW QUESTION # 77
In which one of the following test techniques are test cases derived from the analysis of the software architecture?
- A. Black-box test techniques.
- B. Experience-based test techniques.
- C. Checklist-based test techniques.
- D. White-box test techniques.
Answer: D
Explanation:
White-box test techniques are test design techniques where the test cases are derived from the internal structure of the software, including its architecture, code, and logical flow. These techniques involve the tester having knowledge of the internal workings of the software to create test cases that ensure all possible paths and conditions are tested. This is in contrast to black-box test techniques, which focus on input-output behavior without considering the internal structure. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 4.3
NEW QUESTION # 78
A program is used to control a manufacturing line (turn machines on and off. start and stop conveyer belts, add raw materials to the flow. etc.). Not all actions are possible at all times. For example, there are certain manufacturing stages that cannot be stopped - unless there is an emergency. A tester attempts to evaluate if all such cases (where a specific action is not allowed) are covered by the tests.
Which coverage metric will provide the needed information for this analysis?
- A. Code coverage
- B. Statement coverage
- C. Data flow coverage
- D. Branch Coverage
Answer: D
Explanation:
Branch coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of branches or decision outcomes that are executed by the test cases. A branch is a point in the code where the control flow can take two or more alternative paths based on a condition. For example, an if-else statement is a branch that can execute either the if-block or the else-block depending on the evaluation of the condition. Branch coverage ensures that each branch is taken at least once by the test cases, and thus reveals the behavior of the software under different scenarios. Branch coverage is also known as decision coverage or all-edges coverage.
Branch coverage is suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed, because it can verify that the test cases cover all the possible outcomes of the conditions that determine the action. For example, if the program has a condition that checks if the manufacturing stage can be stopped, then branch coverage can ensure that the test cases cover both the cases where the stage can be stopped and where it cannot be stopped. This way, branch coverage can help identify any missing or incorrect branches that may lead to undesired or unsafe actions.
The other options are not correct because they are not suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed. Code coverage is a general term that encompasses various types of coverage metrics, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, data flow coverage, etc. Code coverage does not specify which type of coverage metric is used for the analysis. Data flow coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of data flow paths that are executed by the test cases. A data flow path is a sequence of statements that define, use, or kill a variable. Data flow coverage is useful for testing the correctness and completeness of the data manipulation in the software, but not for testing the conditions that determine the actions. Statement coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of statements or lines of code that are executed by the test cases. Statement coverage ensures that each statement is executed at least once by the test cases, but it does not reveal the behavior of the software under different scenarios. Statement coverage is a weaker criterion than branch coverage, because it does not account for the branches or decision outcomes in the code. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 syllabus, Chapter 4: Test Techniques, Section 4.3: Structural Testing Techniques, Pages 51-54.
NEW QUESTION # 79
Can "cost" be regarded as Exit criteria?
- A. No. The financial value of product quality cannot be estimated, so it is incorrect to use cost as an exit criterion
- B. No The cost of testing cannot be measured effectively, so it is incorrect to use cost as an exit criterion
- C. Yes. Spending too much money on test ng will result in an unprofitable product, and having cost as an exit criterion helps avoid this
- D. Yes. Going by cost as an exit criterion constrains the testing project which will hello achieve the desired quality level defined for the project
Answer: C
Explanation:
Cost can be regarded as an exit criterion for testing, because it is a factor that affects the profitability and feasibility of the software product. Testing is an investment that aims to improve the quality and reliability of the software product, but it also consumes resources, such as time, money, and human effort. Therefore, testing should be planned and executed in a way that balances the cost and benefit of testing activities. Having cost as an exit criterion helps to avoid spending too much money on testing, which may result in an unprofitable product or a loss of competitive advantage. Cost can also help to prioritize and focus the testing efforts on the most critical and valuable features and functions of the software product. However, cost should not be the only exit criterion for testing, as it may not reflect the true quality and risk level of the software product. Other exit criteria, such as defect rate, test coverage, user satisfaction, etc., should also be considered and defined in the test plan.
The other options are incorrect, because they either deny the importance of cost as an exit criterion, or they make false or unrealistic assumptions about the cost of testing. Option B is incorrect, because the financial value of product quality can be estimated, for example, by using cost-benefit analysis, return on investment, or cost of quality models. Option C is incorrect, because going by cost as an exit criterion does not necessarily constrain the testing project or help achieve the desired quality level. Cost is a relative and variable factor that depends on the scope, complexity, and context of the software product and the testing project. Option D is incorrect, because the cost of testing can be measured effectively, for example, by using metrics, such as test effort, test resources, test tools, test environment, etc.
NEW QUESTION # 80
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